Facts About Mercury, the Closest Planet to the Sun

Cognitive Rehabilitation And Cognitive Development

Introduction Cognitive rehabilitation is a process that aids in relearning cognitive skills or teaching ways to compensate for lost skills by utilizing strategies that are less demanding cognitively in order to manage daily activities. Previous studies explored cognitive training (CT) and cognitive stimulation (CS) as a nonpharmacological intervention for cognitive decline in adults with dementia. These types of therapy were often used in conjunction with activity programs and other therapies to aid in improving overall mood and quality of life. They showed modest yet inconsistent results with questionable impact on improving the ability of the subjects to perform daily tasks. These studies were limited due to their small sample size, short duration of treatment and the likelihood of the underlying nature of the disease affecting the outcomes as well. There have been limited clinical trials that have explored cognitive rehabilitation, rather than CT or CS in adults with cognitive impairments. Th ese studies are associated with positive outcomes on memory strategies, improved memory function and improved mood. However, the impact on activities of daily living was not addressed. This study combines Cognitive rehabilitation (CR) and Cognitive-behavioral (CB) interventions in assessing the outcome of improved function of activities of daily living. â€Å"Cognitive-behavioral interventions include enhancement of pleasant activities and stimulation of positive memories have been shownShow MoreRelatedCase Study - Early Alzheimers1730 Words   |  7 Pagesthe use of cognitive rehabilitation treatment of early stage of dementia Alzheimer’s type. The case study examines a 72 year old male patient diagnosed with early stage dementia of Alzheimer’s Type. This study used visual imagery, as well as cues and expanding rehearsal during the cognitive rehabilitation. The evaluation of cognitive rehabilitation treatment included the psychological, physiological, neurological assessments and self-reports. Results suggested that extended use of cognitive rehabilitationRead MorePhysical And Mental Rehabilitation Of Athletes894 Words   |  4 Pagespsychologica l aspects that go into athletic injury rehabilitation. Ievleva and Orlick (1991) found that athletes who recovered from injury faster than their peers were more consistently positive, had an internal locus of control, took personal responsibility for their faster healing, were more involved in goal setting and engaged in positive healing and/or performance imagery. Most athletic trainers believe in the use of psychological skills in the rehabilitation of athletes (Wiese, Weiss, Yukelson,Read MoreCriminal Rehabilitation978 Words   |  4 PagesCriminal rehabilitation  involves restoring an individual to useful life through education, and therapy. The rehabilitation assumption is that individuals are never permanently  criminals. As a result, it is possible to reinstate a criminal to useful life where they positively contribute to the society and to themselves. The main aim of criminal rehabilitation is the prevention of habitual offending or criminal  recidivism. Criminal rehabilitation seeks to bring an offender into a normal state of mindRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy Essay example1507 Words   |  7 PagesCognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is among the most extensively tested psychotherapies for depression. Many studies have confirmed the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as a treatment for depression. This paper will provide background information about the intervention, address the target population, and describe program structure and key components. It will also provide examples of program implementation, challenges/barriers to implementing the practice, address how the practice supportsRead MoreSocial Communication And Rehabilitation Of Adolescents With Traumatic Brain Injury1216 Words   |  5 Pages Social Communication and Rehabilitation of Adolescents with Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction Adolescence, the time between puberty and adulthood, is marked by a shift toward greater reliance on the peer group that the family, resulting in a greater need for more complex social communication. It is also the age group which reports the highest incidents of traumatic brain injury (Turkstra, 2004). One could surmise the many reasons for this – increased risk taking or increased participationRead MoreThe Effects Of Traumatic Brain Injuries On Our Society1574 Words   |  7 Pagestaken for granted. Numerous medical professionals are involved in the rehabilitation of patients that sustain traumatic brain injuries. Because traumatic brain injuries have such a profound effect on human speech production, speech-language pathologists are needed in the both the diagnostic and rehabilitation process. In order to fully comprehend the significance of the role that speech-language pathologists play in the rehabilitation of TBI patients, the cause, diagnostic process, physiologica l andRead MoreCan Having A Good Self Esteem Help With A Successful Rehabilitation?804 Words   |  4 PagesCan having a good self-esteem help in coping with a successful rehabilitation? That question has been asked for several years (Kahng Mowbray, 2005). However researchers have recently discovered that having a good self-esteem does indeed help with a successful rehabilitation (Kahng Mowbray, 2005). Additionally the researchers learned that there are three specific areas to focus on when dealing with a successful rehabilitation (Kahng Mowbray, 2005). Those three specific areas are the following:Read MoreThe Application of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Within a Prison Setting1434 Words   |  6 Pagesimprisoned. The techniques used in cognitive behavioral therapy have proven to be effective in treating depression, anxiety and drug addictions among other things. Analyzing the techniques developed in cognitive behavioral theory and applying them to psychotherapy in prison envir onments can assist in making improvements in the prevention of criminal activity, rates of incarceration and safety and security of the general population. The literature shows that the use of cognitive behavioral therapy has beenRead MoreTraumatic Brain Injury Essay1284 Words   |  6 Pageslong-term effects of brain injuries sustained in battle (Mass et al., 2008). In the military population, TBI cases are sometimes co-morbid with post-traumatic stress disorder. Post-traumatic stress disorder and TBI can present with similar symptoms of cognitive impairment, which further complicates the process of making an accurate diagnosis (Tanev, Pentel, Kredlow, Charney, 2014). Injuries associated with TBI are divided into two categories: primary injuries and secondary injuries. Primary injuriesRead MoreDevelopment And Evaluation Of Cognition Based Interventions1531 Words   |  7 Pages PhD upgrade overview In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the development and evaluation of cognition-based interventions (CBIs) for people with dementia in improving cognition, and quality of life (QoL). However, little is known about the effects of these interventions for carers who are actively involved and participate in CBIs alongside their relative. In addition, it has been argued that engaging family carers in the therapeutic process is important as it has the potential

Teacher and National Junior Honor Free Essays

I’m excited to be invited to be a member of National Junior Honor Society (NUNS). And it is a great opportunity for me. As a pre-member of NUNS, I have demonstrated three qualities, which are willingness to serve others, leadership, and character. We will write a custom essay sample on Teacher and National Junior Honor or any similar topic only for you Order Now These three qualities describe the very essence of my being. I’m from Burma which now they call Manner. And went to Malaysia to come to United States because Burma is in war. Live at Malaysia for about 4 years. Learned lots of English at Malaysia. After staying at Malaysia for about 4 years, I came to U. S. I’ve been at United States for 7 months. First thing that would like to talk is willingness to serve others. Like to help others; help my mom around the house all the times and because she don’t know much English I translate for her. And at school help my friends those who need help; I help them with what I know. Next, I demonstrated leadership. At school when the teachers group she/he always choose me as a roof leader because he/she think I will be a good leader, and to experience leadership. I help my group member when they don’t know, tell them what to do, make sure the work is done, to participate, and tell them to respect teacher like to keep quiet and follow teacher’s instruction. Last, want to talk about is character. Respect my teacher because they are the one that teach me, and my parents because they raise me until now. When they ask me to do something, do it. They have taught me to be inerrable. How to cite Teacher and National Junior Honor, Papers

The relationship between smoki... free essay sample

The relationship between smoking and early menopause is debatable and unclear specially the dose and duration effect have no clearly demarcated evidence. To solve the unclarity, this study is conducted. Researchers believed that large sample size with long duration and subgroup analysis is required. A 206,256 follow up study was conducted with in 20 years. Women who were premenopausal in 1989 at the time of enrollment were included in this study. Totally 2754 participants experienced early natural menopause. Two-fold of risk was experienced by those who were current smoking against those who never smoked. The risk is increased with dose response among current smokers and duration increasing. Only heavy former smokers had slight risk while light smokers of their equivalent had no risk compared to never smokers. However, the risk level of past smokers cannot regain the never smoker status. In a study conducted on mice the morphology and quantity of egg production was compromised compared to the control group. By then the production of ova ceased early before the average time. If the effect of cigarette on mice had impairment on mice ovary which has congruent finding with this study[early menopause] (6) the increased dose effect and its impact on the function of ovary is one indication of menopause eventually cessation of fertilization will appear. Cognizant of the minimal risk identified among former and current light smokers, it is difficult to conclude the risk level is minimal that can lead people to have smoking of the minimal dose. Because smoking has other health impacts. The risk identified in this study corresponds with other studies. Two systematic reviews had similar report with the current study on the relationship between current smoking and early menopause. Researchers have felt that there is lack of evidence on the level of risk and dose of cigarette consumed. A finding from New Zealand supports the finding of this study showing that risk increases with increased dose. Women who reported smoking 20 or more cigarette per day at baseline and at the 14 years of follow up and current smokers were at 50% more risk compared to never smoked women. In this study increased dose in former and current smoker brought risk while moderate dose and never smoked status has no different effect. A 21 years cohort study revealed that cigarette smoking facilitates early menopause while smoking cessation interventions were associated with late age of menopause. (7) The risk level was also different between quitters before and after 30s. Despite women quit smoking before 30s, their risk level wouldnt return to the never smoked risk level. Conversely, those who proceed smoking smokers quitted before 30s had lesser risk compared to those who quitted at 40s. A study from Korea also affirmed this finding with the evidence of 0.75-year lower rate of early menopause among smokers compared to nonsmokers. The risk is more with increased dose when the initiation of smoking gets lower.(8) As it has been seen in animal models, cigarette has multiple effect on ovarian follicles. It affects the biochemical and structure of the ovary which finally causes lowered estrogen and increased luteinizing hormone. The risk in this study has increased with increased dose and duration which would have increased its effect on the ovarian follicles. A study conducted using women reproductive survey data showed that lower luteal phase progesterone metabolite level which influences the function of ovary intern affects the release of pituitary hormones. Eventually, reproductive problems like infertility and early menopause could happen.(9) Smoking status stratified with BMI categories has not difference. Censored groups because of oophorectomy/hysterectomy hadnt association with smoking history. This study had an explicit identification of confounders and effect estimators. For instance, the result without body mass index and the general analysis had no difference. The effect of smoking on early menopause is unequivocally similar throughout the categories of body mass index classes. Knowing the fact that, this cohort study had large sample size followed for about 20 years, there are limitations observed. Self-reported smoking and menopause status were taken without triangulation because of conducting laboratory test is costwise inefficient. Self-reporting was found effective in many researches regarding smoking habit. But in the baseline assessment past smokers have been asked to recall their history retrospectively which may cause recall bias. ConclusionThis study substantiates the evidence of dose effect of cigarette smoking risk to early natural menopause. Women who consumed minimal dose or quit smoking at their early reproductive age had slight to no effect. Thus, reducing cigarette consumption and cessation of smoking are important public health interventions that could spare women from early menopause and sooner or later other consequences related smoking can be averted. Despite of the shred of evidence reported, still the evidence found is not that much stronger. This study has been conducted for long time but controlling the other effects is hard to achieve. Other studies which should be finished with in lab like on laboratory animals could come up with the impact of dose change. Otherwise the argument will continue. On the other hand, data was collected biennially which is hard for participants to remind their trend of smoking. Educational interventions and rehabilitation of exiting from the habit of smoking can be establishing to promote smokers to cease smoking and prevent the potential but nonsmoker.

The road interpretation of the woman Essay Example

The road interpretation of the woman Essay Throughout The Road, Corm McCarthy draws a very heavy line in the sand between giving up and persevering. Very often, this line in the sand adheres to strict gender lines: while women are shown to give up in one form or another, the father and son who struggle down the post-Apocalyptic road tell themselves, This is what the good guys do. They keep trying. They dont give up 0. After closer reading of the text, reveals that not giving up is not always the lesser of two evils. McCarthy places an emphasis on the mothers body as a vessel of creation, the only form of creation in a world filled with death and destruction: Always so deliberate, hardly surprised by the most outlandish events. A creation perfectly evolved to meet its own end. A few nights later she gave birth in their bed by the light off Darrell lamp. While she labors to create a child, however, Her cries meant nothing to [the father] (54): as a man, he does not identify with this labor-as-creation . We will write a custom essay sample on The road interpretation of the woman specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The road interpretation of the woman specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The road interpretation of the woman specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In fact, there doesnt even seem to be a memory of creation once the mother is gone. When the father and son find the charred remains of a roasted baby, the boy asks, Where did they find it? because, in a male-centric world, they are capable only of scavenging canned goods and old shoes (200). The idea of someone creating the baby is an alien one too boy who has grown up only in the ravaged landscape that is now the world. Throughout the novel, the father closely associates his wife with the world-as-it-was, a green and verdant pre-apocalyptic landscape: In dreams his pale bride came to him out of a green and leafy canopy. Her nipples peculated and her rib bones painted white. Since she embodied a time of bliss, nevertheless, not only does the wife and mother have no place in the new world of death and deprivation, but even her recollection is out of place: He mistrusted all of that. He said the right dreams for a man in peril were dreams of peril and all else was the call of language and of death 0. For individual women who are ill-fated enough to survive on the road, their figures, once vessels of conception, become assets: Behind them came wagons drawn by laves in harness and piled with goods of war and after that the women, perhaps a dozen in number, some of them pregnant, and lastly a supplementary consort of activates ill clothed against the cold and fitted in dog collars and yoked to each to each (92). In order of importance, they hold less value than goods of war but more value than activates, male sex slaves. In fact, when the mother calmly discusses her own suicide, she correctly predicts these occurrences: Sooner or later they will catch us and they will kill us. They will rape me. They are going to rape us and kill us and eat us and you wont face it (58). In some ways, her brutal acceptance of the world-as-it-has-become is much braver than the fathers Im-sure-everything-will-be-fine-when-we-get-to-the-coast brand of denial. Her willingness to murder her own child to protect him from one of the cruelest worlds in recent literature stands in direct opposition to the father, who, when finally faced with the decision, says, l cannot hold my son dead in my arms. I she says, They say that women dream of danger to those in their care and men of anger to themselves. But I dont dream at all. My heart was ripped out of me the night he was born so dont ask for sorrow now. There is none . Though she brought her child into the world, she knew the world was no place for either her or him, a fact that the father looks back on with some bitterness. Despite the fathers vicious remembering of his wife, however, it is eventually revealed that he feels a certain responsibility for her death: In his dream she was sick and he cared for her. The dream bore the look of sacrifice but he thought fervently. He did not take care of her and she died alone somewhere in the dark and there is no other dream nor other waking world and there is no other tale to tell . In fact, he even goes so far as to say, Hed come to see a message in each such late history, a message and a warning, and so this tableau of the slain and the devoured did prove to be . Only a man who feels a certain level of guilt for the way things have turned out could possibly see a message and a warning in a setting such as this.

History of the Millerites, a Religious Sect

History of the Millerites, a Religious Sect The Millerites were members of a  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹religious sect  who became famous in 19th century America for fervently believing the world was about to end. The name came from William Miller, an Adventist preacher from New York State who gained an enormous following for asserting, in fiery sermons, that Christ’s return was imminent. At hundreds of tent meetings around America throughout the summers of the early 1840s, Miller and others convinced as many as one million Americans that Christ would be resurrected between the spring of 1843 and the spring of 1844. People came up with precise dates and prepared to meet their end. As the various dates passed and the end of the world did not occur, the movement began to be ridiculed in the press. In fact, the name Millerite was originally bestowed upon the sect by detractors before coming into common usage in newspaper reports. The date of October 22, 1844, was eventually chosen as the day when Christ would return and the faithful would ascend to heaven. There were reports of Millerites selling or giving away their worldly possessions, and even donning white robes to ascend to heaven. The world did not end, of course. And while some followers of Miller gave up on him, he went on to play a role in the founding of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Life of William Miller William Miller was born February 15, 1782, in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. He grew up in New York State and received a spotty education, which would have been typical for the time. However, he read books from a local library and essentially educated himself. He married in 1803 and became a farmer. He served in the War of 1812, rising to the rank of captain. Following the war, he returned to farming and became intensely interested in religion. Over a period of 15 years, he studied scripture and became obsessed with the idea of prophecies. About 1831 he began to preach the idea that the world would end with the return of Christ close to the year 1843. He had calculated the date by studying Biblical passages and assembling clues which led him to create a complicated calendar. Over the next decade, he developed into a forceful public speaker, and his preaching became extraordinarily popular. A publisher of religious works, Joshua Vaughan Himes, became involved with Miller in 1839. He encouraged Miller’s work and used a considerable organizational ability to spread Miller’s prophecies. Himes arranged to have an enormous tent made, and organized a tour so Miller could preach to hundreds of people at a time. Himes also arranged for Miller’s works to be published, in the form of books, handbills, and newsletters. As Miller’s fame spread, many Americans came to take his prophecies seriously. And even after the world did not end in October 1844, some disciples still clung to their beliefs. A common explanation was that Biblical chronology was inaccurate, therefore Miller’s calculations produced an unreliable result. After he was essentially proven wrong, Miller lived for another five years, dying at his home in Hampton, New York, on December 20, 1849. His most devoted followers branched off and founded other denominations, including the Seventh-day Adventist Church. The Fame of the Millerites As Miller and some of his followers preached at hundreds of meetings in the early 1840s, newspapers naturally covered the popularity of the movement. And converts to Miller’s thinking began to attract attention by preparing themselves, in public ways, for the world to end and for the faithful to enter heaven. The newspaper coverage tended to be dismissive if not blatantly hostile. And when the various dates proposed for the end of the world came and went, the stories about the sect often portrayed followers as delusional or insane. Typical stories would detail eccentricities of sect members, which often included tales of them giving away possessions which they would no longer need when they ascended to heaven. For instance, a story in the New York Tribune on October 21, 1844, claimed that a female Millerite in Philadelphia had sold her house and a brickmaker had abandoned his prosperous business. By the 1850s the Millerites were considered an unusual fad which had come and gone.

Successful learning and three ingredients needed to ensure successful Essay

Successful learning and three ingredients needed to ensure successful learning - Essay Example From the study it can be comprehended that a lot of psychologists, educationalists and researchers have put forward various models that aim at successful and improved learning. One of such models was put forward by Dr. David McClelland who recommends three ingredients needed to ensure successful learning: wanting to learn, knowing how to learn and having a chance to learn. The desire to learn is not far from right to place first on the ladder of three ingredients needed to ensure successful learning by Dr. David McClelland. Indeed the fact that a person must want or desire to learn goes to confirm the saying that where there is a will, there is a way. The desire or want to learn serves as a stimulus that sustains the learner through out the learning period. Next to a strong want to learn, it is very important that a learner possesses a great depth of knowhow when it comes to learning. One may ask, â€Å"What does it mean to know how to learn?† The fact that it is possible for someone to know how to learn and for another person not to know how to learn means that learning is more of an ‘act’ than an event. it is important that a person gets the chance to learn. This is to say that the first two factors put forward by Dr. David McClelland are only preliminary factors that lead to the actual act of learning. So after one acquires the want to learn and gets to understand how to learn, the fellow needs to follow these with an actual act of learning, which means gaining the chance to learn.... may ask, â€Å"What does it mean to know how to learn?† The fact that it is possible for someone to know how to learn and for another person not to know how to learn means that learning is more of an ‘act’ than an event. Learning is an act such like swimming, gymnastics and cooking. If you do not know how to do it, you will do it poorly. First, it is important to mention that learning is an individual act and that different people learn best through different means. For this reason, any person who would be tagged as a person who knows how to learn must first be a person who knows and understands him or her own self. As a typical example with my personal learning experience, I am able to determine factors such as the best time to learn, the right learning methodologies that works best, the length of time to learn, the type of subject to begin learning with and other factors of the sort. By knowing these factors, I have always succeeded in learning because he or she is going to apply to him or herself, the most appropriate rudiments of learning. Having a chance to learn – 150 After it is all said and done, it is important that a person gets the chance to learn. This is to say that the first two factors put forward by Dr. David McClelland are only preliminary factors that lead to the actual act of learning. So after one acquires the want to learn and gets to understand how to learn, the fellow needs to follow these with an actual act of learning, which means gaining the chance to learn. Putting into practice the first two factors without the having the chance to learn is like training so hard for a soccer match that never was. To this effect, it is important that every learner is presented with an opportunity to learn. Conclusion - 100 To conclude, it is important

Managing Time As An Adult Learner Research Paper

Managing Time As An Adult Learner - Research Paper Example Poor time management may result in poor academic performance, poor work performance or deterioration of familial relations. In such a case, many adult learners opt to drop out of college because their family and their work have the highest priority to them in the short run (MacCann, Fogarty & Roberts, 2012). However, it is possible to prevent matters from deteriorating to that level. Dropping out of college should not be the preferred option because a college degree is of vital importance in this age. Higher academic qualifications provide individuals with a strong framework to advance their careers, and the family also benefits tremendously from this advancement. Effective time management makes it possible for adult learners to register exemplary performance in both their studies and their work, and still find enough time for their families. The following tips make it possible for adult learners to manage their time effectively (Van Der Meer, Jansen & Torenbeek, 2010). Create a Time Schedule – The adult learner should create a time schedule of the tasks he intends to undertake every day in the morning before setting out on the day’s activities. Reminders increase the chances of getting planned activities carried out. Checking things off as they get done provides a feeling of accomplishment which provides motivation for undertaking the next task. Avoid interruptions – Frequent interruptions can eat excessively into study time and reduce the level of concentration. The adult learner can avoid interruptions by studying at a place that has the minimum possibility of presenting interruptions. In addition, he can make it known to roommates, friends, or family that he wishes not to be disturbed when studying. Phones can be put on voice mail, and unexpected visitors can be requested to return when the studying to done (Siebert & Karr, 2008). Use a

Anything in business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anything in business - Essay Example The tablet will be access beyond the Wife only. It will be able to catch Web access via simple linking it to the Blackberry. But the tablet will also function as a standalone advice. RIM’S COEE claims that the ultimate aim of this tablet is to provide a full on computer and web experience on the tablet. This means that the dependency of tablet would be very little on third party applications. On its end, the Playbook is a step taken by RIM to protect its position as the top notch provider of mobile gadgets for the business set. It will also have flash applications. On the other hand, Apple CEO Steve Jobs has voiced his restraint in allowing Flash on company’s mobile gadgets claiming that the software has too many bugs and rips apart too much battery life. RIM’s close relationship with its various corporate clients can help the company extract a certain portion of the tablet market which is originally Apple’s niche. If it moves strategically, then it can take away that portion of the market share. IDC predicts that the corporate market for tablet computer will keep growing with the growth of sales of these tablets in the next few years. It is forecasted that roughly 11 percent of the overall sales of the tablet PCs will be directed to schools till 2014. Playbook and Ipad will be at loggerheads with each other. It remains to be seen who beats whom. While Playbook will not just be work oriented, it will have video games, it looks like Ipad will take the edge in styling. And the market is not just restricted to RIM’s tablet. When Ipad came, it brought with itself, a wave of competitors, so naturally Ipad is not the only competitor out there. Even Dell is headed in this direction. It came up with its own tablet computer called Streak in August. Similarly Samsung is all set to launch Galaxy tab next month and already has four carriers in its kitty booked. The battle is on and it is only going to get

Effects Of Thermal Pollution On Aquatic Species

Effects Of Thermal Pollution On Aquatic Species The pollution is the biological, chemical or physical alteration of the water, land, or air that is harmful to living organisms, ocean waters and surface waters. The surface waters, such as lakes, rivers, streams, and underground aquifers can get affected in different way. They can get polluted in common way including human and animal wastes, pathogenic microorganisms, pesticides, and sediment. The water pollution can happen in industrial nations by wasting toxic metals, organic chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and acids. The human activities that can contribute to pollution are constructions, drilling, dam construction, salting of roads and driveways to melt the ice, waste disposal and agriculture. Sometimes even hot water can consider as a pollutant. The effects of water pollution follow the path of the waters as they trickle through soil, filter through rock beds, and flow down streams and river system, and into oceans. The excess amount of inorganic nutrients such as nitrates and phos phates or raw sewage pollutes lakes or ponds, algae and aquatic plants overgrow. As of the aquatic plants die, they fall in the bottom of the water and the bacteria and other microorganisms decompose the remaining of them and that uses up all the dissolved oxygen in the water and suffocating the other aquatic life in the lake or pond. Thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature, which is associated with increase in water temperature in streams, lakes or the ocean due to the discharge of heated water from industrial processes. How does the water quality change? It changes when water is used in industrial and power plants as a coolant. Whenever it is used and returned to the natural environment, the temperature changes, because warmer water effluent creates a reduced oxygen supply in the environment and therefore it affects aquatic ecosystems. Whenever the power plants are opened or shut off for repair, the fish and other aquatic species, cannot adapt to sudden changes in temperature and they are killed by thermal shock. In addition to harming aquatic life that cannot tolerate the warmer water, the warmer temperatures lower the amount of dissolved oxygen. The elevated temperature decreases the dissolved oxygen in water and this harms aquatic animals by increasing the metabolic rate of aquatic animal due to increased enzyme activity, which results in increase in food consumption within organism shorter period of time. Sometimes this results in disruptions of the food chain and decrease in biodiversity. The higher water temperature can also result in increases in aquatic plant growth rates, shorter lifespan and over population of the species. Algae blooms also reduce oxygen levels. The higher temperature denatures the life supporting enzymes by breaking disulphide and hydrogen bond in enzymes structure, which results in the inability to break down lipids which leads to malnutrition. The heated water has multiple effects on the nearby ecosystem. The warmer temperatures increase the ability of plants to photosynthesize, which may spur an algal bloom. It also increases the stress on plants and animals in the water. The temperature changing harms the fish and other aquatic organisms in many ways. The fish and invertebrates are ectotherm s; where they are cold blooded animals, which are slow moving, slow growing and adapted to specific water temperature. This warmer temperature speeds up their metabolism, which harms their ability to survive and reproduce. The native fish like trout may lose their ground while nonnative take place instead of them. All these power plants have different types of cooling systems, which is easiest and cheapest cooling method, where cool water is withdrawn from a nearby water body and hot water is returned to the same water body. Soon as the system is by far the most environmentally destructive, the closed cycle cooling reuses the cooling water so that the waste heat does not leave the plant, but still excess heat is released into the atmosphere from the plant towers. The nuclear energy is the No 1 source of the free electricity which provides 20% of the United States electricity. There are 437 nuclear power plants are in operation and 55 are under construction worldwide. Those 437 plants have a net capacity of about 371 GW and the 55 will have capacity of 51 GW to generate the energy. The 20% of the electricity is provided by 104 reactors in whole United State, where 35 of the reactors are boiling water reactors and 69 of them are pressurized water reactors. In the boiling water reactors, 14 of them are one reactor; 9 of them are two reactors and 1 has three reactors. For the pressurized water reactors, 15 of them are one reactor, 24 of them are two reactors and 2 of them have three reactors. There are 32 companies which are licensed to operate the nuclear reactors in United States. As of the 2009 records, 8 of the states have 31 reactors and those states generate largest percentage of the electricity. The Vermont state has generated largest perc entage of the electricity in 2009, which was 72%, then 2nd largest comes to New Jersey 55.1%, following Connecticut 53.4%, South Caroline 52.0%, Illinois 48.7%, New Hamphshire 44.1%, Virginia 39.6% and at last in 8 state Pennsylvania with 35.1%. The United States largest nuclear plant is located at Palo Verde in Arizona. That plant has 3 reactors which generates 1,311 MW, 1,314 MW, and 1,317 MW for a total of 3,942 megawatts. On the other side Uniteds smallest nuclear power plant is at the Ft. Calhoun in Nebraska with 1 reactor and capacity of the 482 MW of generation electricity. In the time line the newest nuclear power plant that was built was in June 1996, in Tennessee. This plant is called Watts Bar 1, which is located in the spring city, and the capacity for generation if 1,123 MW. From 1990s to 2000s there have been 4 other plants have been built, which are in August 1993, the Comanche Peak 2 with capacity of 1,158 MW and in 1990, the Comanche Peak 1, with capacity of 1,209 M W. The other 2 were in August 1990, the Seabrook 1 in New Hampshire with 1,244 MW capacity and in January 1990, Limerick 2 in Pennsylvania with 1,134 MW by Exelon Corporation. The oldest operating nuclear plant is Oyster Creek in New Jersey, operating license since April 1969. The nuclear reactor is a device to initiate, control and sustain a nuclear chain reaction. The most common use of it is in generation of electrical power and to transport the power. The nuclear reactor is usually involves heat from the reactor chamber to power steam turbines. These reactors are made by 4 major manufacturers. The reactor manufacturers are GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy, Westinghouse, AREVA NP and Asea Brown Boveri/Combustion Engineering (ABB-CE), where ABB-CE is the worldwide nuclear business company. As of the generation capacity by all the nuclear power plants in United Nations 20.2% or 798.7 billion kilowatt-hours (bkWh) of the total U.S. electricity and 14% or 2,560 billion kilowatt-hours of the worlds electricity in 2009. In comparison to other sources, 1,000 MWe reactors has 90% of amount of electricity has generated in 1 year. The generated electricity is 7.9 billion KWh, which is good for 740,000 households. To generate that much amount of energy by other fuel sour ces, it would require 13.7 million barrels of the oil or 3.4 million tons of coal or 65.8 billion cubic feet of the natural gas. As of the plant performance the South Texas Project 2 in Texas has generated of 11.8 billion KWh in 2007 with most electricity generation record and the longest operating period between refueling goes to LaSalle 1 from Illinois in February 2006 for 739 days. Oyster Creek, Hope Creek, Salem Nuclear Power Plant Figure : Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station.The Oyster Creek Nuclear Generation Station (OCNGS) is oldest operating nuclear power plant in United States, which is located in Forked River in the Lacey Township, in New Jersey. This plant is spread out in 700 acres of the land and build by Burns Roe, Inc. and owned by the Exelon Corporation. It is one of the four nuclear power plant unit in New Jersey. The other 2 units are at the Salem Nuclear Power Plant, and the Hope Creek Nuclear Generating Station. The OCNGS plant was built in 1965 and started power generating in December, 1969 with a license to work for 40 years, but in 2009 the license was extended for another 20 years by The Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The plant draws its cooling water from Barnegat Bay, and dumps the water into the Atlantic Ocean through Barnegat Inlet. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) issued the license for first 40 years on the basis of the economic and antitrust considerations, but not techni cal limitations (Peter N. Tabbot M.P.H. and Mark G. Robson, M.P.H. September 2006). The OCNGS has a capacity of producing 619 MWe, the total power generated in 2007 was 5077 GW-h and from last 5 year average generation capacity is 5042 GW-h by using a boiling water reactor (BWR). This power plant has generated 4.9 million MWh with capacity factor of 91% and served 600,000 homes as of 2009 record. Each day the OCNGS uses 1.3 billion gallons of Barnegat Bay Water for its antiquated cooling system, which is 2.2% of the total volume of the bay per day and over 790% of the bay per year (CITATION). When the plant automatically shuts downs for safety reasons, fish gets killed due to lack of warm water that input into the bay. In 2002, 5,876 fish were killed, and plant was fined $1 million, where as in 2006, only 80 fish died; 2007 another 5,304 were killed, and the plant was fined $67,859 and in 2008, 38 fish died in following a shutdown. These cooling towers should prevent these fish kil ls that is causing by higher temperature and somehow reduce the higher temperatures near the plants current discharge area back to normal. This plant has approximately 700 employees, which their payroll is around $53 million in 2003 and $63 million in 2009 also where the property tax for 2009 was $2.4 million. This plant has increased output associated with 1034 jobs in New Jersey and 915 jobs in Ocean County. This plant has sponsorship the united way of Ocean County by contributing more than $277,000 in 2009 and counted as largest employee run campaign in Ocean County. The plant intakes and discharges 1.4 billion gallons of the water on daily basis, and it taken in at a speed of 1-2,000 cubic feet per second, which is the force of medium sized river. The giant sucking action brings the assortment of the smaller aquatic life that flows through the grate and gets killed in the process of the cooling the reactor, which is called as entrainment. Where the larger aquatic life such as st riped bass, white perch and endangered sea turtles, gets pinned on the grate and often die, or seriously gets injured by the rush of oncoming water, which is impingement. This plant has developed a record of killing sea turtles in last ten years from 1992 to 2000, 17 sea turtles and 6 sea turtle mortalities. In September 2002, the plant has largest fish kill since 1985, they has over half a million fish dead, due to plant operators fault. They had failed to turn off the dilution pumps during emergency shut-downs and allowing millions of gallons of the hot water to enter the creek and bay. The modern pollution controls require them to install a closed cycle cooling system, which draws water into the plant for cooling, re-circulates and expels the heat through cooling towers. This system reduces the water intake and discharge by 95%, saving 13 million fish and shellfish and a loss of tens of millions additional larvae annually. It also eliminates the fish kills caused by thermal shock from the discharge, stop the dumping over 365 tons of toxic ware into the bay annually. The NJ DEPs current draft permit for oyster creek does not require the plant to install a closed cycle cooling system. But they have gotten 3500 acres of wetlands for restoration for fall back option as the alternative way. Figure : Salem Nuclear Power Plant. Figure : Hope Creek Nuclear Generating Station. The other three nuclear power stations are located in Lower Alloways Creek Township, New Jersey in United States. Those all three plants owned by PSEG Nuclear LLC and Exelon Generation LLC. Two of the power stations are called Salem Nuclear Power Plants, which are pressurized water reactor nuclear power station and the other one is called a Hope Creek Nuclear Generating Station, which is a thermal nuclear power plant. These three plants share an artificial island in the Delaware Bay. As of the 2004 record, the plants have paid $1.23 million in property taxed to Lower Alloways Creek, accounting for 55% of the townships $2.25 million property tax. The plants have expenditures in the four counties surrounding the plants totaled more than $170 million in 2004. The labor has represented $145.5 million, the goods and services represented as $24.7 million. These spending within region represents, around 27% of the plants total spending of $617 .8 million and 66% of the $256.3 million spent in New Jersey and Delaware (Nuclear Energy Institute September 2006). The Salem Nuclear Power Plant has two units, which were started in 1977 and 1981 and those two plants have a combined capacity of 2275 MWe. The unit 1 is licensed to operate until August, 2016 and unit 2 is licensed to operate until April, 2020. The PSEG have applied for a 20 year extension of license for both of these units. The technical problem made the Salem Reactors to shut down for two years in 1990s. They had found several difficulties, including leaky a generators, and unreliable controls on the reactor. In 2004, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission revised the oversight of this plant and ordered authorities to increase the monitoring overnight. Those plant uses more than 3 billion gallons of the Delaware Bays water every single day for cooling, replacing the closed cooling system. The Hope Creek Nuclear Generating Station which is thermal nuclear power plant wa s established in 1986, and it has license to operate the plant until April, 2026. It also has applied for a 20 years extension for license renewal. This plant has producing capacity of 1059 MWe, and in 2007 it has produced 8104 GW-h, where it has average of 7528 GW-h in last 5 years of energy production. This is the plant has the cooling towers, which is designed to remove the heat by pumping water up into the tower and allowing it to fall down inside the tower. Soon as the heat passes the water, it exchanges the some of the heat and evaporates some of the water. The evaporated flows out the top of the tower and form of a fine cloud like mist, where the cooled water is collected at the bottom of the tower and pumped back into the plant for reuse. This kinds of cooling towers are used where the land and water is expensive and where the state of federal regulations make alternatives impractical. The New Jersey has been ranked 10th in nuclear capacity and 9th place in nuclear generatio n in 2008. Effects of the Nuclear Power Plants The discarded radioactive materials from nuclear submarines and military waste have been a major source of radioactivity in the oceans. Those discarding materials have caused fatal harm to marine life, and it has also entered the food chain as some organisms like shell fish concentrate radioactivity in their bodies which are later consumed by humans. The pesticides like DDT and PCBS can enter the oceans through city waste water and industrial discharges from farms and forests. The Thermal pollution is when high or low temperature water is discharged from an industrial source. The difference in temperatures can kill corals and other sensitive marine organisms that are not developed to handle the different temperatures. The Thermal discharges of unused heat from fossil fuel or from fission in the nuclear fuel constitute another kind of environmental impact. Thermal effects in biota include problems with reproduction, growth, survival of larval forms, juveniles and adults. Regulatory ag encies establish water temperature standards to govern heated discharges from the power plants to prevent catastrophic kills to occur, or thermally induced demise of aquatic populations. Fish, plankton and benthos are all affected at various degrees by thermal discharges from power plants. Other environmental impact common to all nuclear power plants are the highly visible transmission lines associated with the generation and distribution of electricity. Underground cables are not yet an economically feasible solution for most cases of transmission of electricity. Radioactive effluents released from nuclear power plants are, however, the main object of monitoring and control to minimize exposure of the public to ionizing radiation. Another effect of the nuclear power plant would be acid rain. The acid rain is the slightly acidic, with the pH of 5.6 of lower, which is due to small amount of carbon dioxide in water droplets to form mild carbonic acid. The other steps which lead to acid rain is the sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides released into the atmosphere primarily by nuclear power plants and metal ore refineries. All these oxide gases then react with water vapor to produce sulfuric acid, nitric and nitrous acid, which dissolve in the water droplets, and then combine with normal droplets and form into raindrops, in this case count as acid raindrops. In the Northeastern United States, have very low buffering capacity, therefore if the rainfall is acidic the most rocks and soils have increased their acid levels by 5 to 10 fold in the past few decades. The acidic soil lover the pH of the streams those flow over them, and the Environmental Protection Agency has reported in 2000, that approximately 580 of the str eams in the Mid-Atlantic coastal plain were found to be acidic including 90% of the streams in the Pine Barrens of New Jersey and that was highest percentage in the nation. This combined acidity has lowered the pH of some lakes around 5.0 and even Little Echo Pond in Franklin, New York got lowered until pH of 4.2 in the Northeastern United States. Effect on the Ocean mammals Figure : The Green Turtle.The Green sea turtle is the larger sea turtle with binomial name Chelonia mydas from Cheloniidae family with only species in the genus Chelonia. It is the endangered species listed by IUCN and CITES. It is with low, broadly oval carapace and small head with one pair of pre frontal scales that are unique to them. Their shell length ranges from 36-43 inches and weights average between 200-300 pounds. They evolved more than 150 million years ago, and they spend entire lives in the sea, even more then come to the surface to breathe, and remain underwater for several hours for resting. They inhabit warm, tropical and subtropical waters, they migrate northward as temperature increase in the late spring, and stays there until late fall. Their nesting occurs in warm temperate and subtropical regions on open sandy beaches above high tide mark in front of well developed sand dunes. As of the Harold Haines and William Kleese, the scientist from the Miami, Florida, prov ed that the role of water temperature in the induction and maintenance of a dermal herpes virus infection (gray-patch disease) of young, green sea turtles, which influence of other recognized stress factors were negligible. In their research the animals that were subjected to a gradual increase in water temperature from 25 to 30C and a subsequent decrease to 25C, where they were maintained, had a period before onset of clinical signs and severity closer to that of control animals. In their findings they indicated that both the induction of clinical gray-patch disease and the severity of the lesions are affected by water temperature and suggest that one possible means of control of this herpes virus infection under intensive aquaculture conditions might be water temperature manipulation. The endangered Kemps Ridley, Atlantic Green and Loggerhead turtles are killed each year as they are attracted to the warm water and then sucked toward death on the fooling system intake. The manatees, the large, fully aquatics, and mostly herbivorous marine mammals, which sometimes known as sea cows. They eat over 60 different plant species such as mangrove leaves, turtle grass, and types of algae, using their divided upper lip. The adult manatee eats around 10% of their body weight per day and especially small amounts of fish from nets. They have very few natural predators, like sharks, crocodiles and alligators over time to time. The main causes of their death for sea cows are human related issues, human objects, habitat destruction and natural causes such as disease and temperatures. Another main natural event and unpreventable cause for the manatees death would be red tide which is proliferation of tiny marine organisms knows as dinoflagellates. Figure : phytoplankton.The phytoplankton is the autotrophic component of the plankton community. They are too small to see it with naked eye, but if they are in higher numbers, than it can appear as green discoloration of the water due to presence of chlorophyll in their cells. The Phytoplankton obtains energy from the process of photosynthesis, also it accounts for half of all photosynthetic activity on Earth. The effects of the elevated water temperatures and residual chlorine at a coastal nuclear power plant on the biomass and productivity or periphyton and phytoplankton, but not productivity was significantly lower in the outlet region than in the intake region. The phytoplankton is the key food item in both aquaculture and mariculture, where both utilize phytoplankton for the feeding of the animals being farmed. In mariculture, the phytoplankton is naturally occurring and is introduced into enclosures with the normal circulation of seawater, where in aquaculture; the phytoplankt on must be obtained and introduced directly. The phytoplankton is used as a food stock for the production for rotifers, which are in turn used to feed other organisms, and also used to feed aquaculture molluscs. The species made of only one or few cells, the phytoplankton is the responsible for 50% of the primary productivity on the earth. Waste Product of the Nuclear Power Plant Figure : Decay in radioactivity of HLW.The waste product of the nuclear power plant is the radioactive waste. The radioactive wastes are very small relative to the waste produced by the fossil fuels and other sources. This waste product is containing radioactive material, which is the product of the nuclear fission, which comes from not directly connected to the nuclear power industry. The waste that has been produce diminishes over time, so in principle to that that material needs to be isolated for long time to no longer pose a hazard. The waste can be generally classified either low level or high level. The low level radioactive waste considers as highly radioactive part of nuclear reactors and waste from medical procedures, which comparatively easy to dispose and relatively small half life. The high level radioactive waste is material from the core of the nuclear reactor or from nuclear weapon. Most of the high level waste emit large amounts of radiation and have really long half lives. The radiation coming of the radioactive waste exposes the human and that can cause about 1% of all cancers, which increase cancer risk by 0.002% of reducing the life expectancy. Each year the nuclear power plants produces the 200,000 m3 of low level waste and about 10,000 m3 of the high level waste products including fuel as waste. 1000 MWe of the light water reactor generates about 200-350 m3 low level waste per year, it also discharges about 20 m3 of used fuel, which corresponds to 75 m3 disposal volume. Where the used fuel is reprocessed only 3 m3 of glass is produced, which is similar to 28 m3 of disposal canister. All this compares with an average of 400,000 tons of ash produced from coal, plant and other power sources of the same power capacity.

Essay --

1. One of the main questions addressed is; why do plants choose rhizobia with nitrogen fixing strains (as nitrogen is metabolically costly) over plants with non-fixing strains that can also lead to nodulated plant (Gubry-Rangin et al, 2010). It should be noted that strains with different fixing levels have been reported in populations of rhizobia and when picking a rhizobium a plant must take into consideration its symbiotic efficacy, as rhizobia cannot be vertically transmitted. 2. The test hypothesis was that there existed partner choice and sanction in the plant-bacteria symbiotic relationship of the Medicago truncatula-Sinorhizobium meliloti. 3. Figure number What method gave these data? What do these data show? 1a) The biomass was calculated by taking counting the number of nodules each plant produced and taking the shoot of each plant, letting in dry for 48h and then weighing it. It is shown that the black color or the strain STM 5480 is more efficient in nitrogen fixing than the white color or STM 5472 strain in the singe-inoculation assay. It is also seen that the biomass...